These are not exotic use cases. They come up constantly. Yet the tools to answer these questions are scattered across multiple apps, websites, and calculator windows. That changes with the 9M2PJU Amateur Radio Bearing Finder, a free web app built specifically for ham radio operators at bearing.hamradio.my.

What It Does

The app combines four things that ham operators regularly need into a single, map-backed interface:

• Compass bearing and great-circle distance between any two points on Earth
• Free-space path loss and terrain-adjusted path loss for the link between your location and the destination
• Estimated signal strength based on your transmit power and antenna height
• QSO probability based on the link budget
• Maidenhead grid square calculation for both ends of the path, useful for contesting and logging

You enter your coordinates (or tap “Get My Location” to pull them automatically via GPS), then either search for a destination by name or enter coordinates manually. The map draws the bearing line, and the radio calculation panel fills in the numbers instantly.

Situations Where This Is Actually Useful

Contesting and grid chasing. During contests like CQ WW, IARU HF, or any Maidenhead grid exchange contest, you need to know your grid square and your contact’s grid square. The app shows both instantly and calculates the great-circle distance, which matters for distance multipliers in some contests.

Antenna aiming for DX. If you’re running a beam, a yagi, or a directional wire, you need to know what bearing to set. Pointing a 3-element yagi in the wrong direction by 20 degrees can cost you several dB. Put in your shack’s coordinates and the DX station’s location, read the bearing off the compass rose, done.

SOTA and POTA planning. Before heading out to an activation summit, you want to know whether a path to a particular station, club, or reflector is line-of-sight viable. Entering the summit coordinates and the destination lets you see the distance and a rough path loss estimate, which helps you decide whether a 5W handheld is enough or whether you need to pack the bigger rig.

APRS path planning. When setting up a digipeater or iGate, operators often want to understand the theoretical coverage radius for a given height and power. The path loss calculator gives you a quick sanity check before you climb the tower.

EMCOMM deployment. During emergency communications activations, you may need to quickly determine whether a direct simplex link to another station or a served agency is feasible. Knowing the free-space path loss and comparing it against your expected receiver sensitivity gives you a realistic answer fast, without guessing.

Learning propagation basics. For newer licensees, the app’s formula display makes it a teaching tool. Free-space loss, the Friis transmission equation in simplified form, and the relationship between frequency, distance, and received power are all shown and explained. Punch in different frequencies and watch how path loss changes. It reinforces what the handbooks teach.

DXpedition tracking. When a rare DXCC entity comes on the air, you want to know what direction to beam toward them. Search the destination by name or enter the island/entity coordinates and the bearing is on screen immediately.

The Technical Side

The path loss calculation uses the standard free-space formula: 32.44 + 20log(f) + 20log(d), where f is frequency in MHz and d is distance in kilometres. On top of that, the app applies a terrain factor to estimate real-world path loss, which will be higher than free space in almost every practical situation.

Signal strength is computed from your entered transmit power in dBm, minus total path loss, plus an antenna gain factor based on the height you input. The QSO probability figure is a heuristic derived from that link budget, not a guarantee. It’s a planning tool, not a propagation prediction engine. For serious HF propagation forecasting you’d use VOACAP or similar. But for a quick sanity check before a VHF contest run or a UHF simplex attempt, the numbers are solid.

Grid square calculation follows the standard Maidenhead locator system and resolves to six-character precision, which is the level most contest exchanges use.

Try It

Point your browser to bearing.hamradio.my, allow location access, and search for any callsign’s home country or a summit you’re planning to activate toward. The bearing, distance, grid squares, and link budget are there in under five seconds.

It is free. It works on mobile. And it was built by a ham, for hams.

73 de 9M2PJU

The post 9M2PJU Amateur Radio Bearing Finder: A Practical Tool for Ham Radio Operators appeared on Hamradio.my - Amateur Radio, Tech Insights and Product Reviews by 9M2PJU.

When conventional networks go down, or are simply not an option, teams operating in the field still need to coordinate. Akita MeshTAK is an open-source Android Tactical Assault Kit (ATAK) plugin that addresses this by bridging ATAK with Meshtastic, the low-power, decentralised radio mesh networking platform.

The plugin is developed by Akita Engineering and published under the GNU General Public License v3.0 on GitHub.

What It Does

Akita MeshTAK integrates directly into the ATAK interface, allowing field operators to share location data via Cursor on Target (CoT) messages and send text messages across a Meshtastic mesh network, all without relying on cellular, Wi-Fi, or satellite connectivity.

Device connectivity is supported over three bearers: Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Serial (USB), and optionally MQTT. If one bearer becomes unavailable, the plugin performs automatic failover to the next, while preserving any queued messages in the process.

Key Capabilities

Guaranteed Delivery Mailbox. Outgoing messages are queued and tracked through three states: Pending, In Flight, and Delivered. They are only marked complete when a receipt is returned from the peer device across the mesh.

Mission Assurance Dashboard. Before releasing field traffic, operators can check a dashboard that surfaces the current posture of encryption, provisioning, audit logging, and interoperability in one place.

Air-Gapped Provisioning. The provisioning workflow supports fully offline bundle generation and application. Once generated, the active secret can be staged to a connected device over a trusted local route. Transport keys are derived using PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256 with a device and purpose salt.

Tactical Map Overlays. The plugin adds layers directly to the ATAK map, including route health, mission geofences, search sectors, and callouts for stale markers.

Mission Profiles. Operators can select from pre-configured profiles suited for Search and Rescue, Law Enforcement, Coast Guard, Military, or Private Security workflows.

No-Hardware Rehearsal Mode. A Mock Transport Mode allows the full workflow, including queued frames, peer acknowledgements, and provisioning events, to be rehearsed without a physical radio present.

Operational Themes. The UI supports Dark Ops, Light Ops, Night Red (strict monochrome), and Night Green (strict monochrome) display modes for different field environments.

Security Model

The project takes an explicit stance on security configuration. Deployment values such as BLE UUIDs, provisioning secrets, and MQTT credentials are injected at build time using environment variables via firmware/tools/load_build_config.py, rather than hardcoded in source files. Placeholder values intentionally fail production firmware builds unless a specific override flag is set or the CI rehearsal target is used.

The plugin also includes BLE and Serial command rate limiting to reduce exposure to command-flood attempts, along with audit log export and a security state reload action.

Build Requirements

The project is primarily written in Java (81.5%), with C++ (13.2%), C (3.4%), and Python (1.9%) making up the remainder. Android builds require Java 17 or 21. Java 26 is noted as unreliable with the current Gradle and Android Gradle Plugin combination at the time of writing.

Documentation

The repository includes a documentation directory with a Technical Manual, Operator’s Manual, System Specification, Security Guide, Developer Guide, and an OpenTAKServer compatibility reference. A static HTML file (documentation/ui_preview.html) provides a no-hardware visual preview of the toolbar and dashboard.

Who It’s For

The plugin targets law enforcement tactical teams, military dismounted units, search and rescue teams, first responders, and security personnel who need reliable coordination in environments where standard communications infrastructure is absent or compromised.

The project is available at github.com/AkitaEngineering/Akita-MeshTAK under the GPL-3.0 licence.

The post Akita MeshTAK: An ATAK Plugin for Off-Grid Mesh Communication appeared on Hamradio.my - Amateur Radio, Tech Insights and Product Reviews by 9M2PJU.

Whether you are chasing DX from your shack or pitching a wire antenna in the middle of nowhere, here is what is actually driving the hobby forward this year.

1. Goodbye Heavy Rigs, Hello Smart SDRs

Let’s honest here. The days of judging a radio purely by how many watts it can push are sliding away. Today, it is all about receiver dynamics and software integration.

The market has completely embraced Software-Defined Radio (SDR) architecture. Rigs like the IC-705 or lightweight QRP transceivers have proven that you can have a full visual waterfall and top-tier Digital Signal Processing (DSP) inside a radio that fits right into your backpack. Instead of buying new hardware every time a new feature drops, we are now just downloading firmware updates to get better noise reduction and cleaner filtering.

Check it out: Want to know why buying habits are shifting away from traditional rigs this year? Watch this breakdown on YouTube: Don’t Buy a Rig in 2026.

2. Time to Clean Up Our Transmissions (The CSI Push)

With the explosion of digital modes crowding the bands, adjacent-channel interference and nasty transmitter splatter have become a massive headache for everyone. Nobody likes getting buried under phase noise from a station three kilohertz away.

Because of this, the ARRL has heavily pushed the Clean Signal Initiative (CSI) into full gear this year. It is a major technical push forcing us to look closely at our transmitter purity. For everyday operators, this means paying closer attention to proper audio gain staging, avoiding over-driven amplifiers, and keeping our emissions as sharp and clean as possible so everyone can enjoy the bands.

Read the specs: You can check out the full breakdown on transmitter compliance and the latest testing metrics in the ARRL QST April 2026 Issue and https://www.arrl.org/arrl-clean-signal-initiative

3. Smart Field Tech and Automated Messaging

Emergency communications (EmComm) and data routing have gone completely high-tech. The modern field go-kit isn’t just a radio and a heavy battery anymore. It is now a highly integrated system.

Protocols like Winlink are standard for pushing emails and structured logistics forms completely over the air without an internet connection. On top of that, APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting System) is seeing a huge resurgence. Operators are linking low-power Terminal Node Controllers (TNCs) or software modems to tablets and automated messaging bots, making tactical position tracking and telemetry routing seamless during field deployments.

Get the guide: To see how modern digital emergency kits are being built to survive total grid-down scenarios, read the technical overview on Ares Amateur Radio Guide: Essential Insights for 2026.

4. POTA, SOTA, and the Return of the Key

If you want to find where the action is in 2026, you need to step outside. Outdoor portable operations like Parks on the Air (POTA) and Summits on the Air (SOTA) have taken over the hobby. This trend has completely changed how we look at gear, forcing a massive wave of innovation in lightweight LiFePO4 batteries and quick-deploy resonant wire antennas.

Because keeping weight down is crucial when hiking, running QRP (low power) is the gold standard. And guess what? That has led to a massive, unexpected resurgence in CW (Morse Code) among newer operators. When you are running minimal power into a simple wire antenna, nothing cuts through a high noise floor quite like a straight key or a set of paddles.

More info: Curious about the global movement to get clubs back into the field and engaging the community? Check out the discussion on Ham Nation and ARRL Year of the Club.

The post What’s Buzzing on the Bands? 4 Massive Ham Radio Trends Hitting 2026 appeared on Hamradio.my - Amateur Radio, Tech Insights and Product Reviews by 9M2PJU.

In today’s interconnected world, the ability to communicate can be the difference between chaos and calm, especially during emergencies. Malaysia is taking a significant leap forward in ensuring this vital connectivity with the MCMC PRIME – a cutting-edge mobile communication system designed to thrive where traditional infrastructure falters. The image we’ve seen provides a detailed glimpse into this remarkable vehicle, showcasing its robust design and the intricate technology packed within.

The MCMC PRIME isn’t just a vehicle; it’s a strategically engineered command center on wheels, poised to provide “Connectivity Without Limits” – a powerful slogan proudly displayed on its side in Bahasa Malaysia: “KETERSAMBUNGAN TANPA BATASAN.” This mission statement is clearly reflected in every antenna and component visible in the diagram.

Designed for Resilience: A Visual Breakdown of Innovation

Look closely at the image, and you’ll see a dark, rugged SUV, likely chosen for its durability and off-road capability – essential for reaching remote or disaster-stricken areas. But what truly sets it apart are the arrays of specialized equipment mounted on its exterior:

1. Antenna Farm for All Frequencies: The vehicle is bristling with antennas covering the entire communication spectrum. From the familiar HF, VHF, and Trunked Radio antennas for traditional voice communication crucial in the initial phases of an emergency, to the more advanced UHF & PoC (Push-to-Talk over Cellular) Radio antenna offering versatile short-range and modern IP-based push-to-talk options. This multi-frequency approach ensures that no matter the situation, a communication channel can be established.
2. Bridging the Digital Divide with WiFi and Mesh Technology: The Antena Mesh WiFi and Antena WiFi AP (Access Point) are critical for local data connectivity. Imagine a disaster zone where families are trying to contact loved ones or responders need to access critical information; the PRIME can instantly create a local WiFi hotspot. The “Mesh” aspect is particularly ingenious, allowing the network to self-organize and expand, creating a resilient local bubble of internet access even if parts of the network go down.
3. Unbreakable Internet: Cellular Bonding and Satellite Link: For broader internet access, the PRIME is exceptionally well-equipped. The diagram highlights 4G & 5G antennas with “Bonding” technology – this isn’t just one fast connection, but multiple connections intelligently combined to create a super-reliable, high-bandwidth link. Complementing this is a 2G, 4G & 5G Cellular Antenna with a “Booster,” designed to grab even the weakest signals. But the ultimate fail-safe is the Satellite Antenna. Positioned atop the vehicle, with its own dedicated storage space for protection, this dish ensures that communication can bypass all terrestrial infrastructure entirely, making PRIME truly independent in extreme scenarios.

The Eye in the Sky: Integrated Drone Capabilities

Perhaps one of the most compelling visual elements is the drone with its own Mesh WiFi device, clearly depicted alongside the vehicle. This isn’t just a separate tool; it’s an integrated extension of the PRIME system. With its dedicated Drone Storage Compartment within the vehicle, it’s ready for rapid deployment.

Picture this: during a flood or landslide, the drone can launch to provide an aerial view for damage assessment and search and rescue operations. Crucially, by carrying a Mesh WiFi device, it can extend the communication network into areas the vehicle cannot physically reach, providing vital connectivity for responders or even broadcasting emergency information to isolated communities. It’s literally an “eye in the sky” that brings connectivity with it.

Self-Sufficient Power for Uninterrupted Service

Underpinning all this advanced technology is robust power management, this points to a High Capacity Battery and a Power Distribution Unit. This detail confirms that the PRIME is designed for sustained independent operation, able to power its intricate systems for extended periods without relying on external power grids – a non-negotiable feature during emergencies.

Malaysia’s Commitment to Preparedness

The MCMC PRIME, with the MCMC (Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission) logo prominently displayed, signifies Malaysia’s proactive approach to disaster preparedness and national security. It’s a mobile beacon of hope, ensuring that even when infrastructure crumbles, communication channels remain open. This vehicle is more than just a collection of sophisticated equipment; it represents a commitment to safeguarding lives and enabling swift, effective responses in critical moments.

With the PRIME, Malaysia is building a future where “Connectivity Without Limits” isn’t just a slogan, but a tangible reality, ready to serve its people when they need it most.

The post MCMC PRIME: Malaysia’s Mobile Lifeline for Critical Communications appeared on Hamradio.my - Amateur Radio, Tech Insights and Product Reviews by 9M2PJU.

Tired of short-range Meshtastic nodes? Ready to build a serious, long-distance gateway or repeater? Say hello to the PiMesh 1W, the powerful new LoRa HAT for the Raspberry Pi that’s officially live and ready to take your mesh network to the next level!

Developed by MeshSmith, the PiMesh 1W is engineered specifically for enthusiasts who demand maximum range and reliability from their Meshtastic infrastructure.

Key Features That Set PiMesh 1W Apart

The PiMesh 1W is a 1-Watt (30 dBm) LoRa HAT designed to transform your Raspberry Pi into the ultimate Meshtastic node.

• 1-Watt (30 dBm) LoRa Power: Maximize your transmission range! This is the full power allowed for unlicensed use in the ISM band (in the USA, with responsible antenna use).
• Built for Meshtastic: Optimized for long-range Meshtastic gateways, repeaters, and telemetry nodes, leveraging the capabilities of meshtasticd on Linux. It uses the same reliable radio module and pinout as the popular MeshAdv hat for easy configuration (use the lora-MeshAdv preset).
• Integrated GPS & PoE Options: Deploy your node virtually anywhere with optional modules for Power over Ethernet (PoE) and GPS, making remote, high-altitude installations simple and neat (Note: PoE is not supported on the Raspberry Pi 5 due to the connector change).
• Stemma QT/Qwiic Port: Easily add plug-and-play sensors to your node for environmental monitoring, telemetry, or custom projects.
• ** robust SMA Connector:** Unlike fragile IPEX connectors, the PiMesh 1W uses a durable SMA connector for a secure, reliable antenna connection.
• Broad Pi Support: Supports Raspberry Pi 3, 4, 5, and Zero models.

Why Choose the PiMesh 1W?

While there are other options, the PiMesh 1W is a purpose-built solution that addresses critical needs for serious Meshtastic users:

• Superior Range: The 1W output ensures your gateway hears and is heard across vast distances.
• Reliable Performance: It includes a TXCO (Temperature-Compensated Crystal Oscillator), which is crucial for maintaining stable signal frequency—a known weakness of some other HATs that lack this feature.
• All-in-One Deployment: With integrated GPS and optional PoE, you can mount your node atop a tall mast and run a single Ethernet cable for both power and data.

Support the Work, Build Your Network

The PiMesh 1W is more than just a product; it’s a starter project by MeshSmith designed to fund more advanced open-source LoRa hardware—including multi-radio boards and bigger ideas currently in the prototyping phase.

If you’re ready to upgrade your Meshtastic infrastructure or support the development of innovative new LoRa devices, grab your PiMesh 1W today!

Official Link: https://meshsmith.net/

The post Introducing the PiMesh 1W: Power Up Your Meshtastic Network appeared on Hamradio.my - Amateur Radio, Tech Insights and Product Reviews by 9M2PJU.

But what exactly is ATAK? And how can it benefit the amateur radio community?

What Is ATAK?

ATAK is a geospatial mapping and situational awareness tool originally developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) . It runs on Android devices and provides real-time team tracking, communication, mapping, and coordination capabilities.

ATAK was initially built for military special operations forces, and later adapted for use by law enforcement, search-and-rescue teams, firefighters, and now even civilians through a version called ATAK-CIV.

At its core, ATAK gives users a powerful map-based interface to:

• See the location of other users in real time (Blue Force Tracking)
• Share points, routes, and geofences
• Chat over various networks
• Use offline maps (MBTiles, GeoTIFF, etc.)
• Connect to radios, drones, sensors, and more

Military Origins and Field-Proven Capabilities

ATAK was born out of the need for situational dominance in high-risk tactical environments. Since its inception, it has seen extensive use in:

• Special Forces operations
• Coordinated drone strikes and ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance)
• Disaster relief missions and humanitarian assistance

The military-grade versions of ATAK allow seamless communication between air and ground units, display live video feeds from UAVs, and integrate with secure tactical radios like Harris and Thales. In these missions, ATAK was crucial in reducing friendly fire, increasing operational efficiency, and enhancing coordination across distributed teams.

How Amateur Radio Can Leverage ATAK

The civilian version of ATAK (ATAK-CIV) is publicly available and, while it doesn’t include all the secure military features, it retains the robust mapping and coordination tools—making it a great fit for amateur radio use, especially for:

1. Emergency Communications (EmComm)

During disasters like floods, forest fires, or earthquakes, hams often assist in relaying messages, tracking resources, and supporting relief teams. ATAK can:

• Display real-time positions of operators
• Mark critical locations like shelters, aid stations, or damaged infrastructure
• Overlay live weather or fire maps for situational context
• Enable chat via connected data radios or LTE

2. Search and Rescue (SAR) Operations

In SAR scenarios, coordination and tracking are everything. By combining APRS or Meshtastic with ATAK, you can:

• Track all search team members
• Share maps and grid search sectors
• Use GPS navigation tools with offline maps
• Share findings instantly with the base team

3. Field Day and Group Activities

ATAK can also enhance casual and educational activities:

• Show everyone’s location at the site
• Coordinate hiking and portable radio stations (SOTA/POTA)
• Share propagation conditions or weather overlays
• Mark antenna layouts or signal coverage maps

4. Tactical Exercises or Field Training

For clubs simulating tactical communication or prepping for EmComm, ATAK offers a real-world, interactive platform:

• Run map-based scenarios
• Share check-ins and digital traffic via radio-linked messaging
• Log positional and message data

Integrating ATAK with Ham Radio Tools

Here’s where it gets interesting: ATAK supports plugins, allowing custom integrations. Some practical ways for hams to connect ATAK to their gear:

• APRS via TCP/IP or KISS TNCs: Share your APRS location directly on ATAK maps.
• Meshtastic Integration: Connect to LoRa-based mesh networks for off-grid communication.
• RTL-SDR: Overlay live signal detection and waterfall data.
• DIY plugins: If you’re a developer, you can write custom plugins to integrate your radio or weather station.

With ATAK, your smartphone or tablet becomes a tactical command tool, fully capable of mapping, communicating, and navigating in complex environments.

Final Thoughts

While ATAK’s military roots are clear, its evolution into a civilian and amateur radio tool is exciting. For those of us in the ham radio world—whether you’re into SOTA, EmComm, SAR, or digital modes—ATAK offers a new level of operational awareness, visualization, and efficiency.

As with all tools, it’s only as effective as the team using it. Train with it. Experiment with integrations. And when the time comes—be it a field exercise or a real emergency—you’ll have one of the most powerful tactical apps right in your pocket.

The post Exploring ATAK: Tactical Mapping and Communication for Amateur Radio Operators appeared on Hamradio.my - Amateur Radio, Tech Insights and Product Reviews by 9M2PJU.

In the world of amateur radio, we often become captivated by the latest transceivers, cutting-edge antenna designs, and sophisticated digital modes. While these technological marvels rightfully deserve our attention, there’s a humble yet indispensable tool that many operators overlook: the compass. This simple navigational instrument has been guiding explorers, soldiers, and adventurers for centuries, and it remains just as relevant for today’s amateur radio operator.

Whether you’re a casual weekend warrior setting up for a Parks on the Air activation, a dedicated DXer optimizing your beam antenna, or an emergency communicator preparing for disaster response, a quality compass can be the difference between successful communication and frustrating silence. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore everything you need to know about compasses in amateur radio, from basic principles to advanced applications.

Understanding How Compasses Work: The Science Behind the Magic

The Fundamentals of Magnetic Navigation

At its core, a traditional compass operates on one of nature’s most fundamental forces: magnetism. The Earth itself acts as a giant magnet, with magnetic field lines flowing from the magnetic south pole to the magnetic north pole. The magnetized needle in your compass aligns itself with these invisible field lines, creating a reliable reference point that has guided humanity for over a thousand years.

However, there’s an important distinction that every amateur radio operator should understand: magnetic north is not the same as true north. True north points to the geographic North Pole, while magnetic north points to the magnetic north pole, which is currently located in northern Canada and moves approximately 25 miles per year. This difference, called magnetic declination or variation, varies depending on your location and can range from 0° to over 20° in some areas.

Types of Compasses and Their Applications

Modern compasses come in several distinct varieties, each optimized for specific use cases:

Magnetic Compasses (Traditional Analog) These are the classic liquid-filled compasses with a floating needle. They’re simple, reliable, and require no power source. The liquid dampening prevents excessive needle oscillation and provides smooth, stable readings even in windy conditions.

Lensatic Compasses (Military-Style Precision) Originally developed for military use, these compasses feature a hinged cover with a sighting wire and a lens for precise bearing measurements. They’re built to withstand extreme conditions and often include tritium illumination for night use.

Baseplate Compasses (Orienteering Style) Popular among hikers and orienteers, these compasses are mounted on a clear plastic baseplate with rulers and scales. They’re designed for map work and route planning, making them excellent for antenna site surveys and field operations.

Digital Compasses and Electronic Solutions Modern smartphones, GPS units, and dedicated electronic compasses use magnetometers and sometimes gyroscopes to determine direction. While convenient, they require power and can be affected by electronic interference from radio equipment.

Mirror Sighting Compasses These combine the accuracy of lensatic compasses with the map-work capabilities of baseplate compasses. The mirror allows for precise bearing shots while also serving as an emergency signaling device.

Why Every Amateur Radio Operator Needs a Compass

1. Directional Antenna Optimization: Getting Every dB

For amateur radio operators using directional antennas, precise alignment isn’t just helpful—it’s absolutely critical. Whether you’re operating a simple 2-meter Yagi or a massive HF beam array, pointing your antenna in the right direction can mean the difference between successful communication and complete failure.

Consider this scenario: you’re trying to work a rare DX station in Japan from your location in the eastern United States. Your beam antenna has a 3dB beamwidth of about 60°, which might seem forgiving, but being off by just 10-15° could cost you 1-2 dB of signal strength. In weak signal conditions, this seemingly small error could make your signal unreadable at the receiving end.

Professional antenna installations often require pointing accuracy within 1-2°, and while amateur installations might not need to be quite that precise, even casual operators can benefit from improved accuracy. A good compass allows you to:

• Accurately determine the bearing to your target location
• Properly align rotatable beam antennas
• Optimize fixed antenna installations during the planning phase
• Troubleshoot propagation issues by verifying antenna pointing

2. Portable and Emergency Operations: Navigation in the Field

Amateur radio’s strength lies partly in its portability and usefulness during emergencies. When you’re operating away from your comfortable home station—whether for SOTA (Summits on the Air), POTA (Parks on the Air), Field Day, or emergency response—a compass becomes an essential tool for several reasons:

Site Selection and Setup When arriving at a new operating location, understanding the terrain’s orientation helps you make informed decisions about antenna placement. If you know that the nearest repeater or your target contact area lies to the northeast, you can position your antenna and operating position accordingly.

Navigation and Safety In remote locations, especially during SOTA activations on mountain peaks, weather can change rapidly and visibility can become severely limited. Your GPS might fail, or its battery might die. A compass provides a reliable backup navigation method that could literally save your life.

Coordination with Other Operators When working with multiple operators in the field, being able to communicate precise bearings helps coordinate activities. “The noise is coming from 135°” is much more useful than “the noise is coming from over there somewhere.”

3. Amateur Radio Direction Finding (ARDF): The Art of the Hunt

Amateur Radio Direction Finding, also known as “fox hunting” or “transmitter hunting,” is both a competitive sport and a practical skill. Participants use specialized equipment and techniques to locate hidden transmitters, and a compass is absolutely essential for this activity.

Competition Fox Hunting In ARDF competitions, participants must locate multiple hidden transmitters in a wooded area using only their radio equipment and navigation skills. Success requires the ability to take accurate bearings from multiple locations and triangulate the transmitter’s position. Even small bearing errors can lead you miles off course.

Practical RFI Hunting When tracking down interference sources in your neighborhood, the same principles apply. By taking bearings from multiple locations and plotting them on a map, you can narrow down the interference source’s location before beginning detailed investigation.

Search and Rescue Applications Emergency responders sometimes use ARDF techniques to locate emergency beacons or lost persons carrying radios. The ability to quickly and accurately determine bearing to a signal source can be crucial in life-or-death situations.

4. HF Propagation and DXing: Understanding the Path

For HF operators, especially those interested in DX (long-distance) communication, understanding signal paths and propagation is crucial. A compass helps you:

Great Circle Bearing Calculations The shortest path between two points on Earth’s surface follows a great circle route, which often differs significantly from what appears shortest on a flat map. Knowing the great circle bearing to your target helps optimize antenna pointing for maximum signal strength.

Propagation Prediction and Analysis Understanding where your signal is going helps interpret propagation predictions and band conditions. If propagation to Europe is good but you’re hearing nothing on 20 meters, checking your antenna bearing might reveal that it’s pointed toward the Pacific instead.

Multi-Path Analysis Some HF signals can arrive via multiple propagation paths simultaneously. Understanding the geometry involved helps explain why signals sometimes sound distorted or have flutter.

Advanced Compass Applications in Amateur Radio

Magnetic Declination: The Critical Adjustment

One of the most important concepts for amateur radio operators to understand is magnetic declination. This is the angular difference between magnetic north (where your compass points) and true north (the actual direction to the North Pole). Declination varies significantly based on your location and changes slowly over time.

For example, if you’re operating from New York City, your magnetic declination is approximately 13° West, meaning your compass points 13° west of true north. If you’re trying to point your antenna toward Europe using a bearing calculated from true north, you’ll need to add 13° to that bearing when using your compass.

Most quality compasses include adjustable declination correction, allowing you to set the compass to show true bearings directly. This eliminates the need for mental math in the field and reduces the chance of errors.

Site Surveys and Antenna Planning

Before installing any significant antenna system, conducting a proper site survey is essential. A compass plays several important roles in this process:

Obstacle Analysis By taking bearings to various obstacles (trees, buildings, power lines), you can create accurate maps showing where antenna placement might be problematic. This is especially important when planning directional antennas that need clear paths in specific directions.

Ground Slope Analysis Many compasses include clinometers (inclinometers) that measure ground slope. This information is crucial when planning guy wires for towers or determining optimal locations for ground plane antennas.

Property Line Verification When installing antennas near property boundaries, accurate bearing measurements help ensure compliance with local setback requirements and maintain good neighbor relations.

Integration with Modern Technology

While traditional compasses remain valuable, they work best when integrated with modern technology:

GPS and Mapping Software Combining compass bearings with GPS coordinates allows for precise plotting on digital maps. Many mapping applications can display both magnetic and true bearings, making it easier to correlate compass readings with digital information.

Smartphone Apps While not replacements for dedicated compasses, smartphone compass apps can be useful for quick checks and preliminary planning. However, be aware that phones can be affected by magnetic interference from radio equipment.

APRS Integration For operators using APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting System), accurate position and bearing information can be crucial for effective communication and coordination with other stations.

Comprehensive Compass Recommendations for Amateur Radio

Choosing the right compass depends on your specific needs, operating style, and budget. Here are detailed recommendations across various categories:

Premium Professional Compasses

Suunto MC-2G Global Compass Price Range: $80-120

This is often considered the gold standard for serious outdoor professionals. The MC-2G features a global needle that works accurately anywhere on Earth, eliminating the need for different compasses in different geographic zones. Key features include:

• Adjustable declination correction with easy-to-use tool
• Mirror for precise bearing shots and emergency signaling
• Clinometer for measuring slope angles
• Luminous markings for low-light conditions
• Sapphire jewel bearing for long-term accuracy
• Temperature compensation for consistent readings

Best for: Serious SOTA/POTA operators, emergency communicators, and operators who travel internationally.

Brunton TruArc 20 Price Range: $70-100

Designed for professional surveyors and outdoor guides, this compass offers exceptional accuracy and durability. Features include:

• Global needle system for worldwide use
• Tool-free declination adjustment
• Built-in clinometer with percentage and degree scales
• Rare earth magnet for fast needle settling
• Sapphire jewel bearing
• Waterproof construction

Best for: ARDF competitors, antenna installers, and operators requiring surveyor-grade accuracy.

Military-Grade Durability

Cammenga 27CS Lensatic Compass (Tritium) Price Range: $120-180

This is the same compass used by the U.S. military and represents the pinnacle of mechanical compass durability. Key features:

• Self-luminous tritium dial markings (no batteries required)
• Waterproof to considerable depths
• Shock-resistant construction
• Copper induction damping for steady needle
• Magnifying lens for precise readings
• Lifetime warranty

Best for: Emergency responders, military operators, and anyone requiring maximum durability.

Silva Ranger 2.0 Price Range: $50-80

A excellent compromise between professional features and reasonable cost. This compass has been trusted by military forces worldwide:

• High-quality mirror sighting system
• Built-in inclinometer
• Adjustable declination
• Robust construction suitable for harsh conditions
• Luminous markings
• Lanyard included

Best for: Field Day operations, emergency kits, and general outdoor use.

Budget-Friendly Options

Suunto A-10 Recreational Compass Price Range: $20-35

While basic, this compass offers surprising accuracy for its price point:

• Simple, reliable operation
• Fixed declination scale
• Luminous markings
• Lightweight and compact
• Perfect for beginners

Best for: New operators, backup compass, or casual use.

Coghlan’s Pin-On Ball Compass Price Range: $8-15

Ultra-compact option for minimal weight situations:

• Weighs less than 0.5 ounces
• Pin-on design for easy attachment
• Surprisingly accurate for its size
• Liquid-filled for stability

Best for: Ultralight SOTA operations or emergency kit addition.

Electronic and Digital Options

Garmin Foretrex 701 Ballistic Edition Price Range: $400-500

This wrist-mounted GPS unit includes a high-quality digital compass:

• 3-axis compass with tilt compensation
• GPS and GLONASS compatibility
• APRS messaging capability
• Night vision compatibility
• Extremely rugged construction
• Long battery life

Best for: Technical operators, SAR teams, and military communications.

Garmin eTrex 32x Price Range: $200-250

Handheld GPS with excellent compass capabilities:

• 3-axis tilt-compensated compass
• Preloaded TopoActive maps
• Paperless geocaching support
• 25-hour battery life
• Rugged, waterproof design

Best for: SOTA/POTA operators who want GPS and compass in one unit.

Practical Tips for Using Compasses in Amateur Radio

Avoiding Common Mistakes

Magnetic Interference Radio equipment can significantly affect compass accuracy. Keep your compass at least 3-6 feet away from:

• Transceivers and power supplies
• Metal antenna elements
• Vehicle engines and electrical systems
• Large metal structures

Reading Errors Always ensure the compass is level when taking readings. Tilt can introduce significant errors, especially with basic compasses.

Declination Confusion Always verify whether your calculations require magnetic or true bearings, and adjust accordingly.

Advanced Techniques

Triangulation for ARDF Take bearings from at least three different locations to accurately pinpoint a transmitter’s location. The intersection of bearing lines on your map shows the target location.

Back-Bearings for Navigation When hiking to a remote operating location, periodically take back-bearings to known landmarks. This helps ensure you can find your way back if conditions deteriorate.

Bearing Averaging In windy conditions or when maximum accuracy is needed, take multiple readings and average them for better precision.

Integration with Maps and Planning Tools

Using Topographic Maps

Understanding how to use your compass with topographic maps opens up advanced possibilities:

Contour Line Analysis Topographic maps show elevation changes through contour lines. This information helps predict line-of-sight paths for VHF/UHF communications and identifies potential RF reflection points.

UTM Grid References Many modern maps include UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) grid systems that work well with GPS coordinates and compass bearings.

Digital Map Integration

Google Earth and Mapping Software Most mapping applications can display magnetic declination information and show both true and magnetic bearings. This makes it easy to plan antenna orientations before arriving at your operating location.

Propagation Prediction Tools When using HF propagation prediction software, accurate bearing information helps interpret predictions and optimize antenna pointing.

Emergency Preparedness and Compass Use

Building Emergency Kits

Every amateur radio emergency kit should include a quality compass. Consider these factors:

Redundancy Include both a primary compass and a backup. Different types (mechanical and electronic) provide redundancy against different failure modes.

Waterproofing Ensure your compass can survive harsh weather conditions. Many emergencies occur during severe weather when navigation becomes most challenging.

Lighting Choose compasses with luminous markings or include a small flashlight or red LED light for night use.

Search and Rescue Applications

Amateur radio operators often support search and rescue operations. Compass skills become critical in these situations:

Grid Search Coordination SAR operations often use grid search patterns that require precise navigation. Being able to follow and report accurate bearings is essential.

Resource Location When coordinating multiple search teams, being able to provide accurate directions to resources (water, shelters, hazards) using compass bearings improves efficiency and safety.

International Considerations

Operating Abroad

If you travel internationally with your amateur radio equipment, consider these compass-related factors:

Magnetic Declination Variations Declination varies significantly around the world. Some areas have declination exceeding 30°, making accurate correction essential.

Global vs. Regional Compasses Some compasses are designed to work only in specific magnetic zones. Global compasses work everywhere but cost more.

Cultural and Legal Considerations Some countries have restrictions on navigation equipment. Research local regulations before traveling with compasses or GPS units.

The Science of Compass Accuracy

Understanding Limitations

Even the best compasses have limitations that amateur radio operators should understand:

Temperature Effects Extreme temperatures can affect compass accuracy. Most quality compasses include temperature compensation, but very cheap models may be significantly affected.

Magnetic Dip Near the magnetic poles, compass needles tend to point downward as well as northward. This “magnetic dip” can affect accuracy and is why some compasses are designed for specific geographic zones.

Local Magnetic Anomalies Some geographic areas have local magnetic anomalies caused by iron ore deposits or other geological features. These can cause compass errors of several degrees.

Calibration and Maintenance

Regular Calibration Checks Periodically verify your compass accuracy against known bearings. Sunrise and sunset directions can provide approximate east-west references.

Bubble Inspection Liquid-filled compasses sometimes develop bubbles over time. Small bubbles usually don’t affect accuracy, but large bubbles may indicate seal failure.

Future Technology and Compass Evolution

Emerging Technologies

MEMS Sensors Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) are making digital compasses smaller, more accurate, and less power-hungry. These sensors are now found in most smartphones and GPS units.

Satellite-Based Systems While GPS provides position information, emerging satellite systems may eventually provide precise heading information without relying on magnetic fields.

Integration with SDR Software-defined radio (SDR) technology might eventually integrate direction-finding capabilities directly into transceivers, potentially reducing the need for separate compass equipment.

Conclusion: Your Path to Better Communications

In our digital age, it’s easy to overlook simple tools like compasses in favor of high-tech solutions. However, as any experienced amateur radio operator will tell you, the best tools are often the simplest ones. A compass doesn’t need batteries, won’t crash, and works reliably in conditions that would disable electronic alternatives.

Whether you’re a new operator setting up your first antenna or an experienced DXer chasing rare contacts, investing in a quality compass will pay dividends in improved communications, enhanced safety, and greater confidence in your operating abilities. The compass won’t make you a better operator overnight, but it will give you the tools to make informed decisions about antenna pointing, site selection, and navigation.

Remember that like any tool, a compass is only as good as the operator using it. Take time to learn proper compass techniques, understand magnetic declination in your area, and practice using your compass in various conditions. The investment in time and money will reward you with years of improved amateur radio experiences.

From casual weekend operations to emergency communications, from competitive ARDF to serious DXing, a compass remains one of the most versatile and valuable tools in the amateur radio toolkit. Don’t let its simplicity fool you—in the hands of a knowledgeable operator, a compass can be the key to unlocking better communications and safer operations.

So the next time you’re packing your gear bag, make sure that humble compass has a place alongside your sophisticated radio equipment. Your future contacts will thank you for the stronger signals, and you’ll appreciate the confidence that comes from knowing exactly where you’re pointing your antenna and how to find your way home.

What’s your experience with compasses in amateur radio? Have you found particular models or techniques especially useful? Share your experiences with the amateur radio community—we all learn from each other’s successes and challenges.

Remember: The best compass is the one you have with you and know how to use. Start with a basic model, learn the fundamentals, and upgrade as your needs and experience grow.

The post The Amateur Radio Operator’s Guide to Compasses: Your Silent Signal Companion appeared on Hamradio.my - Amateur Radio, Tech Insights and Product Reviews by 9M2PJU.

In an age where reliable communication is mission-critical—whether in the battlefield, disaster zones, or even off-grid adventures—mesh radios are becoming increasingly essential. Unlike traditional radio systems that depend on centralized infrastructure like towers or repeaters, mesh radio systems form decentralized, self-healing networks that adapt dynamically to changing conditions.

But what exactly is a mesh radio? How does it work, and who uses it?

What Is a Mesh Radio Network?

A mesh radio network is a type of wireless communication system where each radio device (or node) connects directly, dynamically, and non-hierarchically with other nodes in the network. Instead of relaying messages through a central hub, each device can send, receive, and forward data to other nodes.

Key Characteristics:

• Self-healing: If one node fails or moves out of range, the network reroutes the data automatically.
• Scalable: The more nodes, the stronger the network becomes.
• Decentralized: No reliance on traditional infrastructure.
• Ad-hoc: Can be deployed rapidly in the field.

How It Works

Imagine each node as a two-way radio with built-in intelligence. When a message is sent, it travels from one node to the next until it reaches its destination. If a direct link isn’t available, the data “hops” across multiple radios. This process is known as multi-hop routing.

Protocols like B.A.T.M.A.N. (Better Approach To Mobile Adhoc Networking) or proprietary algorithms in commercial systems ensure that the network selects the most efficient path for communication.

Mesh Radio in Military Use

Modern armed forces require resilient and secure communications in complex and hostile environments. Mesh radios allow soldiers, vehicles, drones, and command posts to stay connected even when GPS is jammed or cellular infrastructure is absent.

Example Use Cases:

• Soldier-to-soldier comms in dense urban terrain
• Vehicular convoys maintaining networked awareness across kilometers
• Unmanned systems (UAVs and UGVs) relaying intel to command units
• Joint tactical operations with real-time positioning and voice/data updates

Products: TrellisWare TW-400, Persistent Systems Wave Relay, Silvus StreamCaster

First Responders & Emergency Services

During disasters like earthquakes, floods, or large-scale fires, conventional communication systems often fail. Mesh radios allow police, paramedics, firefighters, and SAR teams to maintain contact.

Key Benefits:

• Rapid deployment without infrastructure
• Inter-agency communication with mesh bridges
• GPS tracking and data sharing over mobile mesh nodes

In Malaysia, Civil Defence (APM) have tested and used mesh-capable radios during exercises and disaster drills, especially in remote areas or post-flood zones.

Amateur Radio & Civilian Applications

Thanks to open-source projects and commercial offerings, mesh networking is also accessible to radio amateurs, off-grid adventurers, and community groups.

Amateur Radio (Ham):

• AREDN (Amateur Radio Emergency Data Network): Uses modified Wi-Fi gear on ham bands to create IP-based mesh networks.
• High-speed mesh links between repeaters, clubs, or shelters.
• Message relays and APRS integration over mesh networks.

Civilian / Recreational:

• Meshtastic: An open-source, low-power mesh radio system using LoRa (Long Range) for messaging and GPS sharing.
• Used by hikers, bikers, and preppers in off-grid areas.
• No cell signal? No problem—your group stays connected via Meshtastic nodes in their backpacks or vehicles.

Real-World Example: Meshtastic in Malaysia

In Malaysia, Meshtastic is gaining popularity among radio hobbyists and rural explorers. With nodes running on ESP32-based boards and LoRa modules.

Thanks to its GPS and text-messaging features, it also offers a unique integration with APRS for location-based tracking over amateur radio.

Final Thoughts

Mesh radio systems are transforming how we think about wireless communication—offering redundancy, flexibility, and autonomy. Whether you’re a soldier in a contested zone, a firefighter navigating a collapsed building, or a ham radio enthusiast testing a hilltop node, mesh networking gives you the power to communicate, even when everything else fails.

The post How Mesh Radio Works: From Military Ops to Amateur and Civilian Use appeared on Hamradio.my - Amateur Radio, Tech Insights and Product Reviews by 9M2PJU.

In emergency situations where communication infrastructure is down, reliable and self-contained communication systems become essential. Enter the Human MANET Portable Radio (HaMPR) — a revolutionary device designed to provide a flexible, mobile, and powerful network solution for first responders, emergency crews, and tech-savvy operators who need to stay connected in isolated environments.

What is HaMPR?

HaMPR is a portable, human-carried device designed to enable access to a wireless Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). It integrates both a MANET radio and an End User Device (EUD), all packaged into a single, self-contained system. The device is designed to be worn by a single person, allowing them to either create a local MANET or extend an existing one, especially in emergency situations.

HaMPR is powered by Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) components, ensuring cost-effectiveness and ease of sourcing. It provides connectivity for smartphones and supports various IP-based applications such as Situational Awareness tools like ATAK, Push-to-Talk apps like Orion, web browsing, VoIP (Voice over IP), and more.

Key Design Goals

The HaMPR system was designed with a few key objectives in mind:

1. MANET Connectivity: HaMPR should not only connect an End User Device (EUD) to a MANET but also extend the network to other users and devices.
2. Simplicity: The design minimizes the number of components, making it easier to assemble, operate, and maintain.
3. Power Efficiency: HaMPR uses a single battery to power both the MANET radio and the EUD, simplifying its use in the field.
4. Versatile Applications: The system supports a wide range of IP-based applications, including communication, coordination, and situational awareness.

The HaMPR Bill of Materials (BOM)

Building a HaMPR system requires the following components:

• Samsung Galaxy S8+ (or any compatible smartphone with USB Ethernet support)
• Ubiquiti airMAX Rocket M5 BaseStation: The heart of the MANET radio, providing connectivity (around $89).
• AREDN Mesh Firmware: Running on the Rocket M5, providing the MANET functionality (available at arednmesh.org).
• Two 5 GHz Omni Antennas: For network coverage ($9/pair).
• USB C OTG “splitter” adapter: To connect various devices ($12).
• USB C PD Emulator Trigger cable: To ensure correct power delivery ($10).
• Passive PoE Injector: For power over Ethernet ($7).
• USB C PD Power Bank: To provide power to the entire system (specs to be checked for compatibility).
• USB Ethernet Interface: Supported by Android for connectivity.
• Ethernet and USB C cables for connections.
• Optional: Juggernaut Case and a carrying case to transport the radio and battery.

Assembly Instructions

Part 1: Setting Up the Rocket M5 MANET Radio

1. Attach the antennas: Connect the two 5 GHz Omni Antennas to the Rocket M5.
2. Ethernet connections: Use an Ethernet cable to connect the Rocket M5 to the Passive PoE Injector’s Ethernet output.
3. Power setup: Use the USB C PD Emulator Trigger cable to connect the PoE injector’s power input side, then connect it to the USB C PD power bank using a USB C cable.

Part 2: Connecting the End User Device (EUD)

1. USB C OTG splitter: Connect this to your smartphone (the EUD).
2. Ethernet connection: Use a USB Ethernet interface to connect the EUD to the Ethernet input of the PoE injector.
3. Charging the phone (optional): If you need to charge the phone, use an additional USB C cable connected to the power bank.

System Diagrams

The HaMPR system includes several key components:

• MANET Radio: The Ubiquiti Rocket M5, along with antennas, is the core radio system.
• EUD: A smartphone mounted on the user’s chest to access the network.

Both the radio and smartphone are connected through Ethernet and USB C, making it easy to operate the system from a central location on the user’s body.

Additional Features and Photos

HaMPR is designed for ease of use in any environment. The MANET radio is housed in a carrying pouch that can be mounted on the back of a backpack, while the smartphone EUD is conveniently stowed in a chest-mount case for easy access. This system can be quickly deployed for rapid response in emergency situations.

Photos:

• The Wireless MANET Radio stowed in a carrying pouch attached to a backpack.
• The Smartphone EUD stowed in a chest-mount case on the user’s chest, in operational position.

Developed by:

Greg Albrecht W2GMD from the Bay Area Mesh (sfwem.net).

Conclusion

The HaMPR system is a game-changer for those in need of portable, emergency communication. By combining a MANET radio and an end-user device into a single, mobile package, HaMPR empowers users to stay connected and extend the reach of their network in the most challenging environments. Whether you’re a first responder, volunteer, or amateur radio operator, HaMPR is an affordable, efficient solution for providing and maintaining critical communications in the field.

For more information about the AREDN Mesh network, visit arednmesh.org.

Visit https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vQ-CQPKQoxwUs22BxCVVWEgoi6T5WjK5gj4A6dTuFdoL3xQOzWndhEsBhI49IOAK_8EMrfJ6XgIs75I/pub

The post Introducing the HaMPR: Human MANET Portable Radio for Emergency Networks appeared on Hamradio.my - Amateur Radio, Tech Insights and Product Reviews by 9M2PJU.

Introduction

Electronic warfare (EW) involves the strategic use of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum to gain a tactical advantage in military and communication applications. EM waves include various forms such as visible light, infrared, radio waves, and radar. This article explores the fundamental properties of EM waves, their historical discovery, and their significance in modern technology.

The Discovery of Electromagnetic Waves

Early Origins

The origins of electromagnetism date back over 2300 years when ancient Greek philosophers observed that a piece of amber, when rubbed, could attract light objects like cloth or hair. The Greek word for amber, elektron, is the root of the term electricity. Additionally, the Greeks discovered a naturally occurring magnetic mineral called magnetite, first found in Magnesia (modern-day Turkey). They noticed that when suspended, magnetite would align itself with the Earth’s magnetic poles—an early observation leading to the development of the magnetic compass. However, the Greeks did not establish a link between electricity and magnetism at the time.

The Birth of Electromagnetism

Scientific advancements in the 19th century provided crucial insights into the relationship between electricity and magnetism. In 1820, Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted observed that a compass needle deflected when placed near an electric current, revealing that electric currents generate magnetic fields. This discovery laid the foundation for electromagnetism. A decade later, in 1831, English scientist Michael Faraday demonstrated that a changing magnetic field could induce an electric current in a coil of wire—an effect now known as electromagnetic induction.

Electromagnetic Wave Theory

The theoretical framework for electromagnetic waves was established in 1873 by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell. He formulated a set of equations—now known as Maxwell’s equations—that mathematically described the interplay between electric and magnetic fields. His work demonstrated that light and heat are forms of EM waves, governed by the same principles of reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference. Maxwell also accurately predicted the speed of light (approximately 299,792,458 meters per second). However, his theory was met with skepticism until 1887, when German physicist Heinrich Hertz successfully generated and detected EM waves, confirming Maxwell’s predictions.

What Are Electromagnetic Waves?

An EM wave is a self-propagating wave that transfers energy through space. It consists of two oscillating fields—one electric and one magnetic—perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation. Key characteristics of EM waves include:

• Dual-Field Nature: The electric and magnetic fields oscillate in phase, with both components maintaining a sinusoidal pattern.
• Self-Sustaining Propagation: A changing electric field induces a changing magnetic field, and vice versa, allowing the wave to travel indefinitely without requiring a medium.
• Wave Motion: Like ripples in a pond, EM waves spread outward from their source in all directions.
• Vacuum Propagation: Unlike sound waves, which require a medium, EM waves can travel through empty space (vacuum), making them essential for space communications.
• Spherical and Plane Waves: When emitted from a point source, EM waves initially propagate as spherical waves but appear as plane waves at large distances.

Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

In free space, EM waves exhibit the following fundamental properties:

1. Perpendicular Fields: EM waves consist of transverse electric (E) and magnetic (H) fields that are perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation.
2. Constant Speed: In a vacuum or Earth’s atmosphere, EM waves travel at approximately 3 × 10⁸ meters per second (or about 162,000 nautical miles per second), also known as the speed of light, denoted as c.
3. Interaction with Materials: EM waves can undergo reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference when encountering different materials.
4. Straight-Line Propagation: EM waves generally travel in straight lines, obeying the principles of reflection, refraction, and diffraction.
5. Polarization: The orientation of an EM wave is defined by its electric field direction:
   • Horizontally polarized: The E-field is parallel to the Earth’s surface.
   • Vertically polarized: The E-field is perpendicular to the Earth’s surface.
6. Omnidirectional Radiation: EM waves radiate uniformly in all directions, with equal power distribution at a given distance from the source.

Importance of Electromagnetic Waves

A thorough understanding of EM waves is crucial for various fields, including:

• Communications: Radio, television, mobile phones, and satellite transmissions all rely on EM waves.
• Radar Systems: Used in aviation, maritime navigation, and military applications for object detection and ranging.
• Electro-Optics: Includes technologies such as infrared imaging, laser guidance, and night vision.
• Directed Energy Weapons: Emerging military applications utilizing high-powered EM waves for defense and offense.

References

1. Maxwell, J. C. (1873). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Clarendon Press.
2. Faraday, M. (1831). Experimental Researches in Electricity. Royal Society.
3. Hertz, H. (1887). “On Electromagnetic Waves and Their Properties.” Annalen der Physik.
4. Ørsted, H. C. (1820). “Experiments on the Effect of a Current on the Magnetic Needle.” Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters.
5. Griffiths, D. J. (1999). Introduction to Electrodynamics. Prentice Hall.

Conclusion

The study of electromagnetic waves is fundamental to modern science and technology, playing a crucial role in communications, radar, and advanced defense systems. The pioneering discoveries of Ørsted, Faraday, Maxwell, and Hertz continue to influence innovations in electronic warfare and beyond. Future discussions will expand on these principles to explore advanced applications of EM waves in military and civilian domains.

The post The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Understanding the Fundamentals appeared on Hamradio.my - Amateur Radio, Tech Insights and Product Reviews by 9M2PJU.

FreeTAKServer (FTS) is a Python3-based implementation of a TAK server designed to support situational awareness, data synchronization, mission planning, and more. In this guide, we’ll walk you through the easiest installation methods for FTS using DigitalOcean (cloud) and Raspberry Pi 4.

1. Installing FTS on DigitalOcean (Cloud)

Prerequisites:

• Create a DigitalOcean account and set up a droplet with Ubuntu 22.04 as the OS.

Installation Steps:

1. Create the Droplet:
   • In your DigitalOcean dashboard, create a new droplet. Choose Ubuntu 22.04 as the operating system.
2. Access Your Droplet:
   • Once your droplet is created, access it via SSH. Replace <your_droplet_ip> with your droplet’s IP address: ssh root@<your_droplet_ip>
3. Run the Installation Script:
   • Once logged in, execute the following command to download and run the FTS installation script: wget -qO - bit.ly/freetakhub2 | sudo bash
4. Complete the Installation:
   • The script will automatically handle the setup. Wait for it to complete, and FTS will be up and running on your droplet.
5. Access the Web Interface:
   • Once installed, you can access the FTS web administration interface by opening a browser and navigating to: http://<your_droplet_ip>:8080
   • Login with the default credentials (you may want to change them after installation).

2. Installing FTS on Raspberry Pi 4 (Single Board Computer)

Prerequisites:

• A Raspberry Pi 4 with Ubuntu 22.04 server x64 installed on an SD card.

Installation Steps:

1. Prepare Your Raspberry Pi:
   • Flash the Ubuntu 22.04 server x64 image to an SD card using a tool like Raspberry Pi Imager or Balena Etcher.
   • Insert the SD card into your Raspberry Pi 4, power it on, and connect to your network.
2. Identify the IP Address:
   • Once the Raspberry Pi is booted up, identify its IP address. You can use a tool like ifconfig or find it via your router’s admin page.
3. Set the Environment Variable:
   • Open a terminal on the Raspberry Pi and set the IP address environment variable: export MY_IPA=<your_raspberry_pi_ip_address>
4. Run the Installation Script:
   • Execute the installation command: wget -qO - bit.ly/freetakhub2 | sudo bash -s -- --ip-addr ${MY_IPA}
5. Complete the Installation:
   • The script will handle the installation process. After the script completes, your Raspberry Pi will be ready to run FTS.
6. Access the Web Interface:
   • On a browser, visit the following URL: http://<your_raspberry_pi_ip>:8080
   • You should now be able to access the FTS web interface and begin configuring your server.

3. Other Installation Methods

If you’re using another platform or need more advanced configuration options, refer to the ZeroTouch Installer documentation to customize the installation process based on your specific needs. You can find more details on this in the ZeroTouch Installer documentation.

4. Accessing the FTS Web Interface

After installation, you can access the FTS web interface by navigating to http://<server_ip>:8080 in a browser. The web interface allows you to:

• Manage users and devices
• Upload and retrieve data packages
• Configure mission planning and task lists

5. Federation and Advanced Configuration

FTS supports federation services, allowing you to connect multiple FTS instances. If you’re planning to federate your server with others, follow the steps in the Federation Service documentation.

Conclusion

Installing FreeTAKServer is straightforward, whether you’re deploying it on a cloud instance like DigitalOcean or a local Raspberry Pi 4. With its robust feature set for situational awareness, FTS provides powerful tools for managing operations and tasks in real-time. Follow the steps in this guide to get started, and explore the additional resources available on the FreeTAKServer documentation page.

If you encounter any issues, feel free to reach out to the FreeTAKTeam via their Discord server or visit their YouTube channel for tutorials and more!

The post How to Install FreeTAKServer (FTS) for Situational Awareness appeared on Hamradio.my - Amateur Radio, Tech Insights and Product Reviews by 9M2PJU.

When you’re out in the wild, communication should be the last thing you worry about. Whether you’re navigating rugged terrains, coordinating tactical operations, or responding to emergencies, the Beartooth MK II ATAK Mesh Networking Radios ensure you stay connected no matter the situation. Built for professionals, adventurers, and first responders, these radios provide live tracking, push-to-talk voice communication, and advanced mesh networking to keep your team connected—even when traditional networks fail.

Why Choose Beartooth MK II?

Reliable Communication in Any Environment

• Live location tracking – Monitor your team’s real-time movement.
• Push-to-talk voice communication – Clear, instant, and dependable.
• Direct and group messaging – Stay in touch with individual team members or broadcast messages to the whole crew.
• Advanced mesh networking – Auto-builds a network supporting over 100 devices, ensuring seamless communication in mission-critical situations.

Built for Situational Awareness with ATAK

The Beartooth MK II integrates seamlessly with the Android Team Awareness Kit (ATAK), giving users a tactical advantage in complex environments.

Geo-locate your team – Share real-time positioning with your group.
Plan your route – Navigate effectively with enhanced mapping features.
Place and share markers – Coordinate operations and missions with ease.

Endorsed by the Pros

Paul B. | Founder, Private Tier Solutions

“Beartooth takes user feedback seriously. They’re not just selling a product; they’re dedicated innovators pushing the limits of what’s possible.”

Andreas J. | Fire Captain, Corona Fire Department

“Beartooth MK II and the ATAK plugin have revolutionized our firefighting and rescue operations. Even without cellular signals, communication remains smooth and reliable.”

Operational Detachment Alpha 18E

“I was a comms guy on another team, and everyone was drooling over this system. Beartooth has a solid product!”

Technical Excellence in a Compact Design

The Beartooth MK II isn’t just powerful—it’s rugged, secure, and built to last.

AES-256 encryption – Maximum security with low probability of detection or interception.
30-mile line-of-sight range – Long-range connectivity for critical operations.
Self-forming, self-healing mesh network – Automatically adjusts for optimal performance.
Supports up to 6 hops and 100+ nodes – Expanding your communication reach.
Two-day battery life – Designed for endurance in the field.
Made in the USA – ITAR-Free, EAR 99, 889, and TAA compliant.

Beartooth MK II: In the Box

• Two (2) Beartooth MK II Radios
• Pelican Case for ultimate protection
• USB A to C Charging Cables
• Beartooth MK II ATAK Plugin for seamless tactical integration

Seamless Compatibility

The Beartooth MK II works with both Android and iOS devices and is compatible with various PTT earpieces, including:

• Savox BT COM
• Aina PTT Voice Responder
• Blu-Genie Bluetooth PTT Adapter (Klein Electronics)
• Triumph 1-Wire PTT Earpiece (Klein Electronics)
• Blu-PTT Bluetooth PTT Button (Klein Electronics)

Ready to Elevate Your Communication?

Whether you’re an outdoor enthusiast, first responder, military operator, or tactical professional, the Beartooth MK II ATAK Mesh Networking Radios deliver unmatched reliability. Get yours today and ensure your team stays connected, informed, and mission-ready.

Order Now and Stay Connected When It Matters Most!

The post Beartooth MK II ATAK Mesh Networking Radios – Unmatched Communication When It Matters Most appeared on Hamradio.my - Amateur Radio, Tech Insights and Product Reviews by 9M2PJU.

Enhanced Performance, Compact Design

The goTenna Pro X2 is engineered for peak performance without compromising on portability. As the lightest option in its class at just 100 grams, it is significantly more compact than standard radio devices, making it the ideal solution for teams on the move. Despite its small size, the Pro X2 delivers unmatched long-range capabilities, with testing confirming it can reach over 100 miles in point-to-point communication when using an aerial relay. This makes it a perfect fit for both military and civilian operations that require reliable, long-distance connectivity.

Powerful, Secure Communication

One of the standout features of the goTenna Pro X2 is its robust security. With AES 256-bit encryption and full integration with the goTenna-ATAK plugin, users can send secure messages, share real-time locations, and coordinate mission-critical activities with peace of mind. Whether your team is in a remote area, conducting reconnaissance, or managing field operations, the Pro X2 ensures that sensitive data remains protected at all times.

Seamless Integration with ATAK and Custom Applications

The goTenna Pro X2 is fully compatible with the Android Team Awareness Kit (ATAK), an advanced situational awareness tool used by government agencies and military forces. With the goTenna-ATAK plugin, users can directly share locations, messages, and more, even when off-grid. This integration makes the Pro X2 an invaluable tool for teams relying on ATAK’s rich functionality for mission planning, navigation, and real-time updates.

Moreover, the goTenna Pro X2 isn’t just limited to ATAK; it is also fully compatible with the goTenna Pro App for iOS and Android, providing additional mapping and messaging capabilities to enhance situational awareness in off-grid environments. For even greater flexibility, goTenna offers a developer toolkit, allowing teams to integrate the Pro X2 into custom applications and extend its functionalities to meet specific mission needs.

Long-Lasting Power for Extended Operations

When it comes to tactical operations, the ability to stay connected for long durations is essential. The goTenna Pro X2 is built to last, offering up to 9 hours of continuous operation on a single charge – enough for most standard missions. For extended operations, advanced power management options are available, including solar relays and device tethering, ensuring that your communication network remains online, no matter the length or location of your operation.

Rapid Deployment in Challenging Environments

In the field, time is of the essence. The goTenna Pro X2 is designed for rapid deployment, enabling teams to set up a fully off-grid mesh network in minutes. Whether you’re on the ground, in the air, or navigating difficult terrain, you can count on the Pro X2 to deliver reliable communication in the most challenging environments.

Rugged and Ready for Anything

Built to meet MIL-STD-810 standards, the goTenna Pro X2 is ruggedized to withstand the toughest conditions. From extreme temperatures to humidity and shock resistance, the Pro X2 is engineered to perform under pressure. This durability ensures that your team’s communication network remains intact, no matter where the mission takes you.

Scalability for Growing Teams

The goTenna Pro X2 can scale to meet the needs of any mission. Tested to work with more than 60 nodes in a single network, it ensures that large teams can stay connected across vast areas. Whether you’re working in a small squad or coordinating large-scale operations, the Pro X2 provides the scalability you need to maintain reliable communication.

Trusted by Leading Organizations

The goTenna Pro X2 is already trusted by a number of high-profile organizations, including U.S. Customs and Border Protection, AFWERX, the National Science Foundation, and the 147th Air Support Operations Squadron. These agencies rely on the Pro X2’s powerful mesh networking capabilities to extend communication in remote areas and ensure mission success.

Conclusion: A Game-Changer for Tactical Communication

The goTenna Pro X2 is revolutionizing the way tactical teams communicate. Its lightweight design, long-range capabilities, secure messaging, and seamless integration with ATAK and custom applications make it the ideal solution for both military and civilian operations. Whether you’re conducting reconnaissance, managing field operations, or coordinating large-scale deployments, the Pro X2 ensures you remain connected when it matters most.

With its rugged build, rapid deployability, and long-lasting power, the goTenna Pro X2 is built to withstand the toughest conditions while providing secure, reliable communication in any environment. Experience the future of tactical communication and take your operations to the next level with the goTenna Pro X2.

For more info, visit https://gotenna.com/

The post Unlocking Tactical Communication with goTenna Pro X2: The Ultimate Mesh Networking Device for Mission-Critical Operations appeared on Hamradio.my - Amateur Radio, Tech Insights and Product Reviews by 9M2PJU.

What is Meshtastic?

Meshtastic is an open-source, long-range, low-power communication system designed for off-grid messaging and location sharing using LoRa (Long Range) radios. It is a highly versatile and cost-effective alternative to traditional communication methods, enabling users to stay connected even in remote areas without cellular or internet coverage.

The system relies on small, low-power LoRa devices that form a mesh network, allowing messages to be relayed from node to node. This makes it an excellent tool for outdoor enthusiasts, emergency preparedness, community networking, and remote area deployments. Meshtastic works through dedicated hardware devices or DIY configurations using LoRa modules like the Heltec, TTGO, and RAK devices. The communication is facilitated through the Meshtastic app, available for both Android and iOS.

Introducing https://meshtastic.hamradio.my – Live Meshtastic Map

Meshtastic.hamradio.my is a live Meshtastic node map hosted inside a container on a Raspberry Pi, providing a lightweight and efficient mapping solution for Meshtastic nodes. This server is based in Malaysia, ensuring low-latency communication for users in the region.

The map provides real-time tracking of Meshtastic nodes connected via MQTT, displaying their locations and status in an easy-to-view format. Whether you’re setting up a local Meshtastic network for emergency response, outdoor adventures, or simply experimenting with off-grid communications, Meshtastic.hamradio.my helps you visualize node connections and monitor network activity.

This map is based on the open-source Meshtastic Map project, which provides a web-based visualization of Meshtastic nodes using MQTT data.

How Does the Meshtastic Map Work?

The Meshtastic Map operates by collecting data from nodes that are configured to report their locations via an MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) broker. This lightweight messaging protocol is ideal for IoT and low-power devices. The collected data is then displayed on a web-based live map, giving users real-time insights into their Meshtastic network.

Setting Up Your Node for the Live Map

To uplink your Meshtastic node to this live map, follow these simple steps:

1. Install the Meshtastic App:
   • Download and install the Meshtastic app from the Google Play Store or Apple App Store.
2. Configure Your Device:
   • Power on your LoRa device running Meshtastic firmware.
   • Pair it with the Meshtastic app via Bluetooth or USB.
3. Enable MQTT and Set the Broker:
   • Open the Meshtastic app.
   • Navigate to Settings > MQTT Configuration.
   • Enable MQTT support.
   • Set the MQTT broker address to: mqtt.hamradio.my
   • Username: hamradio.my
   • Password: hamradio.my
4. Set OK to MQTT:
   • In the Meshtastic app, after configuring the broker, ensure that the MQTT status shows OK.
   • If it does not, double-check the broker address and save the settings again.
5. Save and Restart:
   • Save the configuration and restart your device.
   • Your node should now start reporting its location and appear on the live map at Meshtastic.hamradio.my.

Features of Meshtastic.hamradio.my

• Real-Time Node Tracking – View active Meshtastic nodes on the map as they transmit their locations.
• Lightweight MQTT-Based System – Optimized for low bandwidth and power consumption.
• Off-Grid Connectivity – Perfect for outdoor adventures, emergency response teams, and remote communities.
• Low-Latency Performance – Hosted in Malaysia to provide quick response times for local users.

Why Use Meshtastic for Off-Grid Communications?

Meshtastic is a game-changer for off-grid communications due to its flexibility, affordability, and ease of deployment. Some key benefits include:

• No Cellular or Internet Needed – Ideal for remote areas where traditional networks are unavailable.
• Extends Communication Range – LoRa radios can transmit several kilometers in open terrain.
• Mesh Networking – Messages can hop between multiple nodes, increasing the coverage area.
• Low Power Consumption – Devices can run on small batteries for days or even weeks.
• Community-Driven – Supported by an active open-source community continuously improving the project.

Get Started with Meshtastic Today!

If you’re interested in exploring Meshtastic and tracking your nodes on the live map, set up your device today and connect to mqtt.hamradio.my. Whether you’re using Meshtastic for adventure, emergency preparedness, or local networking, this map provides valuable insights into your network’s reach and performance.

Stay connected, stay prepared, and enhance your off-grid communication with Meshtastic!

The post Hamradio.my Meshtastic Map – Live Tracking for Off-Grid Communications appeared on Hamradio.my - Amateur Radio, Tech Insights and Product Reviews by 9M2PJU.

Amateur radio, often referred to as ham radio, has long been a crucial tool in emergency communications. When traditional communication networks fail during disasters, amateur radio operators step in to provide vital communication links. Leveraging Ubuntu, a popular and user-friendly Linux distribution, can enhance the capabilities of amateur radio operators in emergency situations. This article explores how Ubuntu can be used as a desktop operating system for amateur radio, highlighting key software that supports emergency communications.

Why Ubuntu for Amateur Radio?

Ubuntu’s reliability, ease of use, and extensive support for open-source software make it an excellent choice for amateur radio operators. Its predictable release cycles and long-term support (LTS) versions ensure stability, which is critical during emergencies. Additionally, Ubuntu’s strong community support and comprehensive repositories offer a wide range of applications tailored for ham radio and emergency communications.

Essential Software for Amateur Radio on Ubuntu

Fldigi (Fast, Light Digital):

• Description: Fldigi is a versatile digital modem application that supports numerous digital modes such as PSK31, RTTY, and CW. It allows operators to send and receive text messages, images, and other data over radio frequencies.
• Use in Emergencies: Fldigi’s ability to operate in various digital modes makes it invaluable for transmitting information when voice communication is impractical or bandwidth is limited.

Hamlib:

• Description: Hamlib is a library that provides a standard programming interface to control various radios and receivers. It supports a wide range of amateur radios and can be integrated with other software.
• Use in Emergencies: Hamlib allows operators to automate and control their radio equipment efficiently, facilitating quicker and more reliable communication setups during emergencies.

Xastir (X Amateur Station Tracking and Information Reporting):

• Description: Xastir is an open-source client for the Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS). It provides real-time tracking and information reporting, displaying data on detailed maps.
• Use in Emergencies: Xastir enables operators to track the location of mobile units and report real-time information such as weather conditions, enhancing situational awareness and coordination.

CQRLOG:

• Description: CQRLOG is an advanced logging program for Linux, designed specifically for amateur radio operators. It supports logging of contacts, QSL management, and integration with various online services.
• Use in Emergencies: Keeping accurate logs is essential in emergency communications for accountability and coordination. CQRLOG helps maintain organized records of all communications.

WSJT-X:

• Description: WSJT-X is a popular software suite for weak-signal digital modes, such as FT8 and JT65. These modes are designed for making reliable, confirmed QSOs under extreme conditions.
• Use in Emergencies: WSJT-X’s weak-signal modes are particularly useful when signal conditions are poor, ensuring that messages can be sent and received even with minimal power and bandwidth.

GNU Radio:

• Description: GNU Radio is a powerful toolkit for building software-defined radios (SDR). It provides a wide array of signal processing blocks to implement various communication systems.
• Use in Emergencies: GNU Radio allows operators to create flexible and adaptable communication setups, which can be quickly reconfigured to meet the specific needs of an emergency situation.

Chirp:

• Description: Chirp is a free, open-source tool for programming amateur radios. It supports a wide range of radios and allows for easy management of frequency memories and settings.
• Use in Emergencies: Chirp simplifies the process of configuring radios, ensuring that all units are set up correctly and consistently, which is crucial for coordinated emergency response.

Setting Up Ubuntu for Amateur Radio

To set up Ubuntu for amateur radio operations, follow these steps:

1. Install Ubuntu: Download and install the latest LTS version of Ubuntu from the official website. The LTS versions offer long-term support and stability, ideal for mission-critical applications.
2. Update Repositories: Ensure your system is up-to-date by running:

   sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade

3. Install Necessary Software: Use Ubuntu’s package manager to install the software mentioned above. For example, to install Fldigi, use:

   sudo apt install fldigi

Repeat for other software packages like Hamlib, Xastir, and Chirp.

4. Configure Radios and Interfaces: Connect your amateur radio equipment to your computer. Use the respective software interfaces to configure and test your setup. Ensure all necessary drivers and libraries (like Hamlib) are installed and functioning.
5. Test and Train: Conduct regular tests and training exercises to ensure that all software and hardware components are working correctly. Familiarity with the tools and their functions is crucial for effective emergency communication.

Conclusion

Using Ubuntu as a desktop operating system for amateur radio during emergency communications offers a robust, reliable, and user-friendly platform. With its extensive support for a wide range of open-source software tailored for ham radio, Ubuntu empowers operators to maintain critical communication links when they are needed most. By integrating tools like Fldigi, Hamlib, Xastir, and others, amateur radio operators can enhance their emergency response capabilities, ensuring that they are prepared to provide vital communication support during disasters.

The post Amateur Radio and Emergency Communications: Using Ubuntu as a Desktop Operating System appeared on Hamradio.my - Amateur Radio, Tech Insights and Product Reviews by 9M2PJU.

Auditory cues – you hear a loud whistle and you immediately know whether it is a) an attention getting whistle, such as that used to summon a Taxi, or b) a wolf whistle.
 Visual cues– a smile or a wink can convey volumes of information, none of which requires conscious thought. The same is true of more complex signals used by football and baseball coaches. The ultimate set of visual cues, and a close parallel to Morse, is Sign Language.


Tactile cues– you’re about to cross the street with someone and they suddenly reach out and lightly press their hand on your arm. You don’t think, you don’t translate, you respond.

Recognition of such signals is a very primitive skill, which we all learn at a very early age. They are easily learned (and used) because in evolutionary terms they predate spoken and written languages. There are still many sounds we make that convey real meaning, but are almost impossible to write in words. We can say “the girl screamed” but we can’t get the same message across with “the girl went ‘Aaarrrrrrgggggg.'”So responding to intelligence embedded in auditory signals is a part of our basic skill set as human beings, and it should be no surprise that humans are for the most part very capable of learning Morse code to a point where it can be used without conscious thought. Perhaps it is just difficult to think about things that don’t require thought, but in fact, old Samuel FB himself missed the boat, and is given more credit than is really due. Morse did not invent the process of copying code by ear- nope, he designed the code to be written on paper and read by eye. It was wasn’t long, though, before telegraphers realized that they could copy what was sent just by listening to the clicks of the pen register, and then it wasn’t long before the pen was abandoned in favor of the sounder.
Morse code works with a very primitive part of our brain, and the result is that the technology used to support communication in Morse can be very, very simple. As simple as a flashing light, or a barely audible tone.


The Superiority of CW as a Mode for Amateur Radio Communications
CW is the mode of communications most commonly used with Morse code. It may be unfashionable, but I think it is important to distinguish between the two. CW is a mode, and Morse is a code. Morse code can be used with flashlights, buzzers, sounders, and even FM radio, but none of those is CW. If we don’t make the distinction, we can end up with newcomers making horrendous mistakes like “CW practice” using oscillators and FM transceivers- in the CW part of the 2M band. Don’t laugh- I’ve seen it done.
But I digress– we were talking about why CW is a superior mode. Just for the fun of it, let’s imagine that the hobby of amateur radio doesn’t exist, but the FCC has decided that it should be created as a hobby for ordinary citizens. We’ve been appointed to a committee to consider the options and recommend the best solution.

We start by defining our goal, which is simply to provide a means whereby two people (to be known as “hams”) can communicate with each other over some considerable distance using radio waves. The two people may not know each other, and they may be on opposite sides of the globe.Having defined our goal, we issue a “Request for Proposals” to interested corporations and groups in the “Industry.” Because it is a hobby there isn’t likely to be a lot of money to be made by the respondents, so we only get two proposals. Proposal Number One is from a giant corporation called Minisoft, and is titled “SSB 95/98/2000.” Proposal Number Two is from the Earth Friendly QRP Club, and is titled simply “CW.”
In responsible bureaucratic fashion, we list the advantages, disadvantages, and costs of each proposal side by side so that we can make a fair comparison. It’s an interesting exercise, because almost all of the pluses are on the CW side of the page. We end up with about 300 pages of overheads, charts, and calculations, and so we try to boil it down to an “Executive Summary” that even our bosses will be able to understand…

 Executive Summary:
The “CW” system is superior for amateur radio because the equipment is inexpensive and can be easily built by most prospective hams, a signal requires only a “point” frequency or very narrow bandwidth, and a comparable signal using the “SSB” system will require 18dB more power output.


The only argument against the CW proposal is that to use the “CW” system the “hams” would have to learn Morse code, while the “SSB” system requires only that the “hams” be capable of picking up a microphone and knowing when to push the button.


It is the conclusion of this committee that the “CW” system will empower far more “hams,” at far lower cost, and with much more efficient usage of limited RF spectrum. But we’re gonna recommend the “SSB” system because the Minisoft folks took us out to lunch and gave us a coffee mug.




Attempts to Kill the Code


Despite the usefulness of Morse code and CW, there have been two major thrusts to eliminate them in the “real world.” The first is the abandonment of Morse for communications at sea. We should be able to surmise something about this from the fact that it was done by ukase. What happened was that a (or perhaps the) international maritime organization issued an edict that ships over 300 tonnes were not to carry Morse equipment, period. Those that had it were specifically directed to remove it. That doesn’t make much sense until you consider it in terms of money and politics. Mostly money, of course. I have heard from several maritime radio officers that the ship owners deeply resented having to pay a radio officer “just in case,” when any other officer can pick up a microphone and use a keyboard to communicate via satellite. How many lifeboats were on the Titanic?


Then there’s the military, and guess what- we find money and politics at the root of it again. The US Military in particular has a preference for solving problems by throwing technology rather than manpower at them.. And of course the military’s preference is deliberately nurtured by the contractors, many of whom can only survive by selling new technology to the military. The military being what it is, they take a heavy hand to things at times, and a side effect of all the new communications technology is that MARS stations were orderednot to use CW.  Remember, these are essentially amateur radio stations cohabiting in military networks. They weren’t given “newer and better” equipment, but ordered to throw away an existing capability!


In our “unreal world” of amateur radio we have seen a lot of pressure to abandon the code as a licensing requirement- usually it’s sugar coated, along the lines of “nobody is saying you can’t use it, we’re just saying you don’t have to learn it.” Why? Doesn’t take much analysis to come up with the answer- money and politics. For most of us as individuals, amateur radio is a hobby. But for far too many “support types” it is an Industry. Manufacturers and bureaucracies are concerned that the market is “shrinking.” They point to license numbers and say that the amateur population is declining, and getting older, and something must be done. Obviously we need to make it easier to become a ham, and about all we can do apart from giving away licenses is to eliminate the code requirement. But guess what, boys and girls… we’ve been there and done that. We got a huge influx of no-code licensees in the ’70s but we didn’t maintain their interest and they are dropping out of the hobby like flies. That is the shrinkage that the Industry is seeing. The popular wisdom now is that access to HF will bring them back and keep them in.


The important thing here is that in the three major areas of code use, it is being actively discouraged for reasons which have absolutely nothing to do with its usefulness.




Code Today and Tomorrow


This article wasn’t intended as a defense of Morse code, which after all is said and done[needs no defense. So let’s get down to brass tacks. Literally. Take two brass tacks. Stick them into the end of a clothes pin, facing each other, so that you can click them together. Click them together in the familiar rhythm of Morse code, and someone on the other side of the room will be able to hear them and understand what you are saying. Connect a wire to each of the tacks, and the other end of the two wires to a CW transmitter. Connect another, longer piece of wire to the transmitter and now someone on the other side of the world can hear your little brass tacks clicking together and understand what you are saying– even if they don’t speak English. The CW transmitter is in essence so simple, so foolproof, that any amateur radio operator can build one, with parts from an old TV set or an inexpensive kit. Before you know it, you are having fun, and that’s what hobbies are all about. Not only is it fun, but you can feel very proud of yourself because you are using equipment that you made yourself!




he range of available equipment for CW operation is huge, as you might expect after a hundred years or more of development. The simple Morse telegraph key is little different from the very earliest examples. But it is a tool, and like all tools there have been lots of refinements and artistic renderings- many telegraph keys are genuine works of art, including some made from or plated with silver, gold, and platinum, or even studded with jewels. As an indication of how pervasive Morse code and the telegraph culture were 70 years ago, the humble telegraph key was used as a motif for all sorts of other items, such as cigarette lighters, staplers, toys, and jewelry (even today there is a variety of jewelry chain, with mixed short and long links, called a Morse code chain.” Over 50 different manufacturers of “toy telegraph sets” are known, and these sets actually worked.
The basic telegraph key is a simple switch, and there have been many different approaches to the same task- from semi- or fully-automatic mechanical keys (bugs), to electronic keyers and paddles. The current generation of electronic keyers are based on microprocessors that have more grunt than a main-frame computer did a scant 50 years ago.


I have the extremes pretty well covered in my shack. Most of the time I use a very advanced memory keyer, with more features than I will ever use, driven by a fairly expensive paddle. But about a foot away from it, and connected, ready for use, is a simple straight key that I bought at a swap fest about a month before I got my first amateur radio license. I still use it from time to time, and not just on Straight Key Night. It’s easier and more efficient to use the paddle and keyer, but the minute my hand touches the straight key I am making a physical and metaphysical connection with my own past and with every telegrapher who ever went to sea, or pulled a Western Union shift, or sent a report from behind enemy lines.




On Learning the Code


Using Morse code is a skill, like riding a bicycle, or playing golf. You have to learn how to do it, and you get better at doing it through practice. Riding a bicycle is a good analogy, because it seems impossible at first but eventually something “clicks” and you can do it. Not only can you do it, you wonder what all the fuss was about. In one respect, however, playing golf is a better analogy because it is open ended. The more you do it, the better you get, but you never quite reach perfection.


There are many, many techniques for learning Morse code and for increasing proficiency. The unsaid secret is that almost any of them will work if you give them a chance. The only way to really learn Morse code is to use it. You are teaching your brain to understand what it is hearing, and teaching your hand to send what you are thinking. Skills are developed through use, and there are no shortcuts.


As amateurs we do often have unrealistic expectations about the learning Morse code. There are few if any professional Morse operators left in the world, although there are lot of hams who used to be pros. A professional is someone who makes his living from sending and receiving code, eight hours a day or more, day in and day out. It’s their job. Amateurs have limited time available and so it takes a good bit longer to reach anything resembling “mastery” of Morse code, but it will happen if you keep at it. At some point, whether you are giving a “first qso” to a novice at 5wpm or ragchewing with a friend at 20wpm, it will suddenly dawn on you that you are not copying what is being sent, you are hearing what is being said.


That’s the point at which you will have discovered the real joy of Morse code, and become a member of the international and eternal brotherhood of brasspounders. Not because you have to, and not because it is fun, but simply because you can.


Looking Forward


From time to time I hear speculation that we could face a natural disaster that wipes out most of what we call “technology,” or perhaps a war with an enemy who has figured out how to use their technology to defeat ours. These scenarios are often dredged up in an attempt to justify preserving Morse code, which is seen as being under threat and in need of defense.


In the first place, if there were a sudden need for thousands of Morse operators, they could be trained very quickly- possibly more quickly than communication networks could be created for them to use. We went through that in World War II.


In the second place, Morse code will survive as long as people want to use it, and there is absolutely no question that it is the mode of choice for an increasing number of hams. There are many “sub hobbies” within amateur radio, but the one area which has seen spectacular and sustained growth over the last few years is QRP (low power operation). Because of the power advantage (equivalent readability on the order of 18dB greater than SSB), CW is used in the majority of QRP operations. QRP is inexpensive, it’s environmentally friendly, it’s challenging, and it’s fun. CW is the mode that makes it possible, and you don’t hear any complaints about Morse being “too hard.” But don’t take my word for it, listen around 7.040 most any evening.


Diehard DXers know that CW will get through when SSB just won’t cut it, and the same is true of the top contesters. Anybody who thinks CW is dying out should listen to the CW sub-bands during Field Day.


I’m in a position to know that interest in Morse code (and the machines that make it useful) has been growing steadily over the last four or five years. I’m also an active operator, so I know that use of CW on the air is also increasing. Maybe it’s not “high tech.” Or maybe, since it is direct digital input to the brain, it’s as high as tech can get. Either way, it’s fun, it’s rewarding, and it’s going to be around a lot longer than I am.


N1FN

The post CW – The Once and Future Mode appeared on Hamradio.my - Amateur Radio, Tech Insights and Product Reviews by 9M2PJU.

Net operation

Nets operate more or less formally depending on their purpose and organization. Groups of nets may organize and operate in collaboration for a common purpose, such as to pass along emergency messages in time of disaster. One such system of nets is the National Traffic System (NTS), organized and operated by members of the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) to handle routine and emergency messages on a nationwide and local basis.

Formal operation

A formal, or directed net has a single net control station (NCS) that manages its operation for a given session. The NCS operator calls the net to order at its designated start time, periodically calls for participants to join, listens for them to answer (or check in ) keeps track of the roster of stations for that particular net session, and generally orchestrates the operation of the net.

A different station might be designated NCS for each net session. Overall operation and scheduling of NCS assignments and net sessions is managed by the net manager .

When a net covers a large geographic area, such as a continent or even the world, it becomes impractical for a single NCS to control. To cover a large scale area a net must operate on a frequency where signals can propagate long distances. Ironically, the same ability for long distance propagation leads to a situation where stations that are too close in proximity can not hear each other. In this case two or more NCSs spaced geographically from one another can effectively collaborate to maintain contact with all possible participants.

Informal operation

An informal net may also have a net control station, but lack some or all of the formalities and protocols other than those used in non-net on-the-air operation. Or, it could begin at the designated time and frequency in an ad hoc fashion by whoever arrives first. Club nets, such as ones for discussing equipment or other topics, use a NCS simply to control the order in which participants transmit their comments to the group in round-robin style.

Types of nets

Traffic

Traffic nets operate primarily to relay written messages. For decades, amateur radio operators passed both routine and emergency messages on behalf of others as part of its public-service mission.

Today, with inexpensive communication capability available to anyone, routine message handling has dwindled and is largely used for training purposes. During emergencies (such as natural disasters) – especially when normal communications channels are disabled or compromised – traffic nets (utilizing emergency-powered stations) are used to pass information into and out of affected areas.

DX

DX nets are organized to help amateur radio operators make contact with stations in distant locations or regions where amateur radio operators are scarce. By checking into a DX net, a ham could have a chance to contact another station he or she might otherwise not be likely to hear by randomly tuning across the amateur bands.

Club or Topic

Amateur radio clubs often organize nets to foster communication between members on a regular basis. These can be clubs based on geographic location or clubs formed around a special interest.

Special interest clubs or non-club groups often organize nets to enable discussions on a particular topic. A wide variety of such nets are in operation. One such example is nets that meet to discuss vintage or antique radio equipment. Another example is nets for using and discussing the AM mode of voice transmission.

The post Amateur Radio Net appeared on Hamradio.my - Amateur Radio, Tech Insights and Product Reviews by 9M2PJU.